Ford Motor Company Wiki

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Ford Motor Company

The Glass House

Ford Motor Company (English: Ford Motor Company, NYSE: F ), referred to as Ford (Ford), is a manufacturer of automotive of multinational companies in the United States Michigan Dearborn (now the company's headquarters) by the Henry Ford founded, Incorporated in 1903. At the height of the 20th century, Ford, GM, and Chrysler were considered the three major automakers in Detroit, leading the American auto market. Ford has maintained its second place in sales in the U.S. automobile market for 75 consecutive years, second only to General Motors. It was only in 2007 that sales of large sport utility vehicles, SUVs, and trucks decreased due to high oil prices, and it was surpassed by Toyota. The third place in US market sales.

Henry Ford referred to the method of introducing a large number of automobile production and managing a large number of factory employees, and ingeniously designed a new production sequence represented by a mobile assembly line. The combination of high efficiency, high wages, and low prices was a radical reform and innovation for the American manufacturing industry at the time. Therefore, this method was later called the Ford system, and its industrial concept was later adopted by Antonio Gülen. West is called Fordism.

Trademark

Ford's logo uses Ford's English words, white lettering on a blue background. Because the founder Henry Ford likes small animals, the logo designer painted Ford's English as a little white rabbit.

Company History

Henry Ford

Henry Ford left Edison Lighting Company to join the Detroit Motor Company in 1899, but the company went bankrupt in 1900. In 1901, Henry Ford and Childe H. Wells established the Henry Ford Company as a joint venture. However, he left shortly after a disagreement with other investors. The company was renamed Cadillac Automobiles after Henry Lilan became a shareholder. Later, the racing car made by Henry Ford won in 1902 and set a new record in the United States. On June 16, 1903, a coal merchant Alexander Manson and his accountant James Gorens formed a joint venture with Henry Ford today. Ford bought a car chassis from the Dodge brothers with its own two-cylinder horizontally inverted engine and started producing Ford cars. Ford used $28,000 from twelve investors to start his business in a factory that originally made carriages. The mechanical conveyor belt did not achieve immediate results at the time, and the error rate of workers was quite high. However, errors meant more production delays and more additional expenditures for worker training, as well as the use of slower workers. In January 1914, FORD doubled wages, shortened working hours, and set up a person responsible for hiring workers. After FORD was troubled by years of low production efficiency The problem is solved. The employee error rate has dropped significantly, and the company's productivity has also taken off. As cars are manufactured faster and faster, the price of each car has begun to fall rapidly. Ford continued to reduce the price of his car products, from the original price of 825 dollars a car to 290 dollars. And first invented the concept and system of authorized dealers, letting those dealers sell these cheap cars for him in large quantities.

Ford Production Lines 1913

General Motors, Chrysler, and other small competitors began to provide consumers with cars with more luxurious equipment than Model T cars. For example, GM had models of various price points at the time, which would cover the high-end and low-end markets. On the other hand, people with financial difficulties would no longer directly buy Model T cars from Ford, but instead, buy more than twenty or even ten. A second-hand Model T that can be bought for a few dollars. At the same time, these competitors have adopted the form of installment payments to enable consumers to buy expensive vehicles that they could not afford before paying only a sum of money per month. Ford strongly opposes this way of consumption, and he believes that this type of consumption will eventually embarrass the national economy and consumers. But Ford eventually relented, and the production of the Model T to the rage announced the shutdown of the car for the first 15 million in favor of the production of new models Ford Model A.

In 1925, Ford acquired Lincoln Motor Company and began to enter the premium car market. In 1935, Mercury was established under the proposal of Edsel Ford, mainly producing mid-priced cars.

Brands

05 Ford Mustang GT

The Lincoln sedan is the brand chosen by most American presidents as the presidential car. Ford F-series trucks often sell 700-800,000 vehicles a year in the United States. They have long been the sales champion of all cars and trucks in the US market, with cumulative sales of more than 33 million vehicles. In the British car market, Ford is still the sales champion brand for more than two decades. The Ford Mondeo car series, which was developed at a cost of US$6 billion, set a new record for R&D expenditure in the automotive industry. The Mondeo (Mercury Mystique) is as easy to operate as a high-priced European car and has won praise from European and American professional critics.

Ford’s acquisition strategy is quite aggressive. Since 1979, it has successfully acquired Japan’s Mazda (acquiring 33.4% of the stock), British Aston Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover, and Sweden ’s Volvo (automotive). Branch). On March 26, 2008, the Indian Tata Group and the American Ford Motor Company issued a joint statement that Tata will acquire Ford’s Jaeger and Land Rover two major automobile brands for US$2.3 billion. On November 18, 2008, Ford announced that it would sell its 20% stake in Mazda, down from 33.4% to 13%. On November 18, 2010, Mazda announced that Ford’s stake in Mazda had dropped to 3.5%.

On June 2, 2010, Ford Motor Company announced the sale of its high-end Volvo car to Geely Automobile in Zhejiang Province, China. At the same time, it will discontinue all business of its mid-range RV brand Mercury in the fourth quarter of 2010 and transfer all its resources to high-end The car brand Lincoln, on January 4, 2011, Ford officially cut the Mercury brand.

Development in the 21st Century

In 2000, the current chairman Bill Ford is also an environmentalist who has been involved in environmental protection activities for a long time. He announced that the company would increase the average driving life of all its light trucks (including all sport utility vehicles ) by 25% by the end of 2005. This news shocked the auto industry, but at the same time, it also pleased environmentalists in American society. Ford F-series trucks continued to rank among the best-selling cars in the United States when oil prices rose. However, Ford decided to add more fuel-efficient crossover SUVs and introduced the professionally acclaimed European car Ford Focus to the United States. Ford Focus also became the number one in automotive history. A car that won the Car of the year in the United States and Europe. In 2005, Ford introduced the Focus model to China, the world's fastest-growing car consumer, and produced Focus models in Chongqing Changan Automobile. So far, it has sold more than 1 million vehicles. The Chinese version of the Focus has become the most sold compact car in mainland China so far. In 2008, Ford Focus 1.6 Tdci ran 22 kilometers per liter of diesel without using high-priced technology, and its carbon dioxide emissions were only 119 grams per kilometer. It was selected as the annual environmentally friendly car by the UK 's largest car buying guide "What car". The 2008 British Auto Show The Fiesta ECOnetic launched, with average fuel consumption of 32.4 kilometers (76.3 mpg) per liter of urban high-speed running, and the first time that CO 2 emissions were reduced to 100g/km, surpassed the Toyota Prius Hybrid’s average fuel consumption per liter. Liter runs 30.78 kilometers (72.4mpg), 104g/km./

"The Way Forward"

Sandcat Armored car (Ford)
 

In May 2005, Ford Motor Company's bonds were downgraded by the two major credit rating agencies in the United States and became so-called " junk bonds ." The downgrade of the bond is due to the fact that Ford has long given employees excellent lifetime pensions and high-amount health care benefits. Japanese automakers have not given employees the same good salary and benefits. At the same time, rising oil prices have reduced the sales of previously high-margin and best-selling SUVs and trucks, and faced competition from Japan and South Korea, putting Ford in a deep dilemma. Ford North America’s current annual production capacity is 4.5 million cars, but only about 3.2 million cars were sold in 2005, which means that Ford’s North American assembly workshop productivity only played 79%. Ford's loss in 2005 was as high as $1.6 billion.

To reverse the losses and return to profitability in 2008, the second half of 2005, Chairman Bill Ford, president of Ford Americas requirement Mark Fields (Mark Fields) enables companies to develop a profitable company restructuring plan. Fields launched the plan on the company's board of directors on December 7, 2005, and named it The Way Forward. The plan includes: layoffs in North America, closing a large number of factories, suspending production of some unprofitable models, reducing material costs, focusing on the development of crossover models, hybrid vehicles, and small cars, and consolidating the original Ford-Lincoln-Mercury three production line. The factories known to be closed are located in St. Louis, Atlanta, Wixom, Michigan, Batavia, Ohio, and Windsor, Canada. The names of the other factories have not yet been revealed, and they will all stop production before 2012. The plan pointed out that up to 30,000 employees in North America (28% of Ford's employees), whether they are assembly workers or white-collar workers (especially middle-level management), will be cut by the company within six years. This time the company’s “slimming” action is even worse than the previous layoffs by General Motors, and it can also be seen from Ford’s determination to change its mind.

Ford Raptor F-150

This is the second reorganization plan that Ford has implemented in North America in four years. In the first reorganization plan in January 2002, Ford closed 5 factories and laid off 35,000 employees. On September 5, 2006, Ford Motor Company announced that Alan Mulally, former vice president of Boeing, had succeeded Bill Ford as the company's new president and chief executive officer. Bill Ford will continue to serve as chairman.

Global Market

Ford models sold outside the United States in the early twentieth century were essentially models for the domestic market. Later began to design and manufacture models specifically for Europe. In the US automobile market in the 1990s, SUVs and trucks became the mainstream of sales, and the market outside the US was dominated by cars. Ford in Australia stopped production of Mondeo. The market for this type of car continued to decline because buyers liked the large displacement V-type 8-cylinder Engine Ford Falcon. Focus, this European model, has strong sales on both sides of the Atlantic.

Products

New Energy Vehicles

Bill Ford is the first top automotive industry giant to develop a practical fuel cell-powered vehicle (ie Ford Ranger EV) and has signed a contract with the United States Postal Service for manufacturing postal freight vehicles based on the Ranger EV platform. In terms of alternative fuel vehicles, Ford has launched the Crown Victoria, a compressed natural gas fuel-powered ( CNG ) vehicle manufactured for group customers and taxi customers. Many CNG vehicles are equipped with natural gas fuel and both have a gasoline fuel tank. The engine can burn either of the two fuels. Ford's hybrid vehicles have a wide range of adaptability to the ratio of fuel mix, from ordinary pure gasoline fuel to ethanol-based E85 fuel (ethanol accounts for 85%, gasoline accounts for 15%) can be used. However, alternative fuel vehicles and hybrid fuel vehicles face the problem of lack of supporting infrastructure (such as gas stations) during the promotion process, which seriously affects the product's attractiveness to ordinary customers.

Ford Hybrid:

• 2004 - Ford Escape
• 2006– Mercury Sailor
• 2008- Ford Fuxing / Mercury Milan
• 2009 - Ford 500 / Mercury Mondeo
• 2009 - Ford Winger / Lincoln MKX

Ford Racing

In the United States, the ratings are second only to American football. Ford has won eight annual championships in the most popular racing car NASCAR touring car race, and another brand Mercury has won one annual championship.

Ford-Cosworth 's annual championship in Formula One (F1) is second only to Ferrari's engine. The famous F1 driver Schumacher used the Ford engine when he won the F1 championship for the first time in his career. Bennett Racing. He also had good results in the World Cross Country Race (WRC), winning the car factory championships in 2006 and 2007.

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Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG) Wiki

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PLAYER UNKNOWN'S BATTLEGROUNDS

PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG) is an online multiplayer fight royale game created and distributed by PUBG Corporation, an auxiliary of South Korean computer game organization Bluehole. The game depends on past mods that were made by Brendan "PlayerUnknown" Greene for different games, enlivened by the 2000 Japanese movie Battle Royale, and ventured into an independent game under Greene's inventive course. In the game, up to one hundred players parachute onto an island and rummage for weapons and hardware to slaughter others while abstaining from getting murdered themselves. The accessible safe region of the game's guide diminishes in size after some time, guiding enduring players into more tight regions to drive experiences. The last player or group standing successes the round. 

Battlegrounds were first discharged for Microsoft Windows using Steam's initial access beta program in March 2017, with a full discharge in December 2017. The game was additionally discharged by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox One using its Xbox Game Preview program that equivalent month and authoritatively discharged in September 2018. An allowed to-play versatile variant for Android and iOS was discharged in 2018, notwithstanding a port for the PlayStation 4. A form for the Stadia gushing stage was discharged in April 2020. Battlegrounds is a standout amongst other selling and most-played computer games ever. The game had sold more than 70 million duplicates by 2020, with PUBG Mobile having been downloaded more than 600 million times. 

Battlegrounds got positive audits from pundits, who found that while the game had some specialized blemishes, it introduced new sorts of interactivity that could be handily drawn closer by players of any ability level and was profoundly replayable. The game was credited to advocating the fight royale kind, with various informal Chinese clones likewise being delivered following its prosperity. The game likewise got a few Game of the Year designations, among different honors. PUBG Corporation has run a few little competitions and acquainted in-game devices with assistance with broadcasting the game to onlookers, as they wish for it to turn into a mainstream esport. The game has additionally been restricted in certain nations for supposedly being unsafe and addictive to more youthful players.

Gameplay

Players can decide to enter the match solo, couple, or with a little group of up to four individuals. Each match begins with players parachuting from a plane onto one of the four guides, with regions of around 8 kilometers, 6 kilometers, and 4 kilometers in size. The plane's flight way over the guide shifts with each round, expecting players to rapidly decide the best an ideal opportunity to discharge and parachute to the ground. Players start with no rigging past redid apparel choices that don't influence interactivity. 

When they land, players can look through structures, apparition towns, and different destinations to discover weapons, vehicles, protective layers, and other gear. These things are procedurally conveyed all through the guide toward the beginning of a match, with certain high-hazard zones normally having better hardware. Murdered players can be plundered to gain their apparatus also. Throughout the match, arbitrary areas of the guide are featured in red and bombarded, representing a danger to players who stay here. 

In the two cases, players are warned a couple of moments before these occasions, allowing them to migrate to security. A plane will fly over different pieces of the playable guide every so often aimlessly, or any place a player utilizes a flare weapon, and drop a plunder bundle, containing things which are regularly absurd during ordinary ongoing interaction. These bundles emanate exceptionally noticeable red smoke, drawing intrigued players close to it and making further showdowns. Toward the fruition of each round, players gain in-game money dependent on their presentation. 

The cash is utilized to buy crates that contain corrective things for character or weapon customization.

Design

Brendon Greene

The game's concept and design were led by Brendan Greene, better known by his online handle PlayerUnknown, who had previously created the ARMA 2 mod DayZ: Battle Royale, an offshoot of popular mod DayZ, and inspired by the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale. At the time he created DayZ: Battle Royale, around 2013, Irish-born Greene had been living in Brazil for a few years as a photographer, graphic designer, and web designer, and played video games such as Delta Force: Black Hawk Down and America's Army. The DayZ mod caught his interest, both as a realistic military simulation and its open-ended gameplay, and started playing around with a custom server, learning to program as he went along. Greene found most multiplayer first-person shooters too repetitive, considering maps small and easy to memorize. He also wanted to make this through an early access model and have a very limited development schedule to get the game out as quickly as possible, while treating the product as a «games as a service» model to be able to support it for many years. In researching what had been done, he came across Greene's mods and reached out to him. In July 2017, Bluehole partnered with social media platform Facebook to provide exclusive streaming content to Facebook's gaming channels, as part of their push to provide more gaming content for its users.

Around the same time that Greene left Sony Online, Kim contacted and offered him the opportunity to work on a new battle royale concept. With the rapid growth of interest in the game, Bluehole spun out the entire development for Battlegrounds into Bluehole Ginno Games in September 2017, which was renamed PUBG Corporation with Kim as its chief executive officer.

Release

Pc Versions

Bluehole utilized shut alpha and beta periods with around 80,000 players to measure the introductory response to the ongoing interaction and alter balance preceding a more extensive discharge. Only preceding the early access stage on Steam, Bluehole opened a couple of servers and welcomed some famous live decorations of comparable games to give it a shot as to begin picking up the intrigue. Early access for the Windows rendition propelled on March 23, 2017. This period was intended to last roughly a half year, initially focusing on a September 2017 discharge. In July 2017, Greene declared that they would need to broaden the early access time frame by a couple of months, proceeding to discharge reports all the time, with plans to at present discharged before the finish of 2017, as focusing on this unique period «could impede us from conveying a completely highlighted game or potentially lead to dissatisfaction inside the network if the dispatch cutoff time isn't met». At first, Bluehole had expected that they would sufficiently pick up players through early access to streamline the ongoing interaction, and just when the game was finished, they would have begun additionally showcasing for the title. 

Consoles 

Greene was a piece of Microsoft's question and answer session during E3 2017 to declare that Battlegrounds would be coming to Xbox One as a planned reassure select at some point before the finish of 2017, utilizing the Xbox Game Preview early access way to deal with test it. 

At first, Greene said that Microsoft was not straightforwardly engaged with the porting yet just giving help to ensure the port is acceptable, and that the greater part of the porting obligations is being finished by Antico, a Spanish engineer. In any case, at Gamescom that year, Bluehole avowed that Microsoft Studios would distribute the Xbox One form of the title, assisting with making an arranged 2017 discharge for this rendition. Greene said that Microsoft's help has helped in a few different ways, for the Xbox One form as well as improving the exhibition and security of the Windows rendition. Further, by being a piece of the gathering of studios under the Microsoft standard, they have had the option to talk and consolidate innovation from different engineers, for example, improved water rendering procedures they acquired from Rare that they had created for Sea of Thieves. Microsoft believed Battlegrounds to be a significant venture to exhibit their organization's capacity to be something other than a distributor, as indicated by Microsoft's Nico Bihary who lead the undertaking. 

Mobile Version

Following the Chinese distribution bargain for the Windows form, Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation moreover reported that they were anticipating discharging two portable variants dependent on the game in the nation. The first, PUBG: Exhilarating Battlefield, is a shortened rendition of the first game, and was created by Lightspeed and Quantum Studio, an inner division of Tencent Games. The second, PUBG: Army Attack, incorporates more arcade-style components, including activity occurring on warships, and was created by Tencent's Timi Studio. The two forms are allowed to play and were discharged for Android and iOS gadgets on February 9, 2018. The games had a joined all out of 75 million pre-enlistments, and positioned first and second on the Chinese iOS download graphs at dispatch. Following a delicate dispatch in Canada, an English form of Exhilarating Battlefield, limited basically as PUBG Mobile, was discharged worldwide on March 19, 2018.

Reception

In March 2019, Battlegrounds was prohibited in the Indian province of Gujarat after the neighborhood government chose the game was "too irresistible and savage" and a superfluous interruption during test season. Various understudies found playing the game were captured accordingly. The boycott was not restored in certain urban areas in the state after March as the test season had finished. A comparable boycott was sanctioned in Nepal and Iraq in April 2019, with the referred to reasons being that the game was hurtful to youngsters and adolescents. The boycott in Nepal was presently lifted by the nation's Supreme Court, expressing that the legislature couldn't authorize such a boycott, that meddled with individual flexibilities without exhibiting why the boycott was necessary. In mid-2019, Jordan and the Indonesian area of Aceh gave comparative bans. On 1 July 2020 PUBG was prohibited in Pakistan by Pakistan Telecommunication Authority referring to the reasons that the game is addictive, wastage of time and represents a genuinely negative effect on the physical and mental strength of the youngsters in the wake of getting different protests from various sections of society and Lahore High Court's headings to glance in the issue. Be that as it may, the boycott is brief until further requests from the court.

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Hazrat Imam Al-Bukhari رحمة الله عليه wiki

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Hazrat Imam Al-Bukhari رحمة الله عليه

Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā’īl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju'fī al-Bukhārī regularly alluded to as Imam al-Bukhari or Imam Bukhari, was a Persian Islamic researcher who was born in Bukhara (the capital of the Bukhara Region (viloyat) of what is currently in Uzbekistan). He created the hadith collection known as Sahih al-Bukhari, viewed by Sunni Muslims as the most real (sahih) hadith collections. He likewise composed different books, for example, Al-Adab al-Mufrad.

Biography

Birth

Muhammad ibn Ismaʿil al-Bukhari al-Juʿfi came into the world after the Jumu'ah prayer on Friday, 21 July 810 (13 Shawwal 194 AH) in the city of Bukhara in Transoxiana (in present-day Uzbekistan).

His father, Ismail ibn Ibrahim, a researcher of hadith, was an understudy and partner of Malik ibn Anas. Some Iraqi researchers related hadith portrayals from him.

Lineage

Imam Bukhari's great grandfather, al-Mughirah, settled in Bukhara in the wake of embracing Islam because of Bukhara's governor, Yaman al-Juʿfi. Similar to the custom, he turned into a mawla of Yaman, and his family kept on conveying the nisbah of "al-Juʿfi". 

Al-Mughirah's dad, Bardizbah, is the soonest known predecessor of Bukhari as per most researchers and history specialists. He was a Zoroastrian Magi and died. As-Subki is the main researcher to name Bardizbah's dad, who he says was named Bazzabah (Persian: بذذبه‎). Little is known about either Bardizbah or Bazzabah, then again, actually they were Persian and followed the religion of their people.  Historians have additionally not gone over any data on Bukhari's granddad, Ibrahim ibn al-Mughirah.

Hadith studies and Travels

Travel of Imam Bukhari

He started studying hadith in the year 205 (A.H.). He remembered works of ['Abdullah] ibn al-Mubaarak while still a kid. He was raised by his mom since his dad passed on when he was a newborn child. He went with his mom and sibling in the year 210 after having heard the portrayals of his area. He started creating books and describing hadith while still a juvenile. He stated, "When I turned eighteen years of age, I started expounding on the Companions and the Followers and their announcements. This was during the hour of 'Ubaid Allah ibn Musa (one of his instructors). Around then I additionally created a book of history at the grave of the Prophet around evening time during a full moon

At sixteen years old, he, along with his sibling and widow mother, made the journey to Mecca. From that point, he made a progression of movements to expand his insight into hadith. He experienced all the significant focuses of Islamic learning of his time, conversed with researchers, and traded data on hadith. It is said that he heard from more than 1,000 men, and educated more than 600,000 traditions. 

Following sixteen years' absence, he came back to Bukhara, and there he drew up his al-Jami' as-Sahih, an assortment of 7,275 tried conventions, organized in parts to bear the cost of a reason for a total arrangement of the statute without the utilization of theoretical law. 

His book is exceptionally respected among Sunni Muslims, and thought about the truest assortment of hadith, even in front of the Muwatta Imam Malik and Sahih Muslim of Bukhari's understudy Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Most Sunni researchers think of it as second just to the Quran as far as validness. He likewise created different books, including al-Adab al-Mufrad, which is an assortment of hadiths on morals and habits, just as two books containing histories of hadith storytellers

(The Historian Al-Dhahabi)

Last Years

In the year 864/250, he settled in Nishapur. he met Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj in Nishapur. He would be viewed as his understudy and in the long run gatherer and coordinator of hadith assortment Sahih Muslim which is viewed as second just to that of al-Bukhari. Political issues drove him to move to Khartank, a town close to Samarkand where he died in the year 870/256.

Mausoleum

Imam Bukhari memorial

Today his burial place exists in the Imam al-Bukhari Complex, in Hartang Village, 25 kilometers from Samarkand. It was reestablished in 1998 following quite a while of disregard and flimsiness. The catacomb complex comprises of Imam al-Bukhari's burial chamber, a mosque, a madrassah, library, and a little collection of Qurans. The cutting edge ground level sepulcher gravestone of Imam Bukhari is just a cenotaph, the real grave exists in a little entombment tomb underneath the advanced structure.

Imam Bukhari Tomb

Writings

Sahih Al-Bukhari and extant hadith

Two of the Bukhari works on hadith;

• Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukharī – full title, al-Jāmi' al-Musnad al-Sahīh al-Mukhtaṣar min umūr Rasûl Allāh wa sunnanihi wa ayyāmihi – "Assortment of Selected True Reports of the Prophet, his Practices and Times"); al-Bukharī's well known perfect work of art. [Note: this al-Musnad is reporting with chains of portrayal that return to the Prophet.] 
• Al-Adab al-Mufrad; hadith on regard and legitimacy...

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Osman Ghazi Wiki

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Osman 1

Osman I or Osman Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان غازى‎, romanized: ʿOsmān Ġāzī; Turkish: Birinci Osman or Osman Gazi; passed on 1323/4), here and there transliterated anciently as Othman, was the pioneer of the Ottoman Turks and the originator of the Ottoman administration. The line bearing his name later settled and governed the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate). This state, while just a little Turkmen realm during Osman's lifetime, changed into a world domain in the hundreds of years after his passing. It existed until soon after the finish of World War I. 

Because of the shortage of chronicled sources dating from his lifetime, almost no verifiable data about Osman has endured. Not a solitary composed source gets by from Osman's rule. The Ottomans didn't record the historical backdrop of Osman's life until the fifteenth century, over a hundred years after his passing. Along these lines, students of history think that its difficult to separate among actuality and legend in the numerous accounts told about him. One student of history has even ventured to such an extreme as to proclaim it outlandish, portraying an incredible time as a "dark gap". 

As per later Ottoman convention, Osman's progenitors were relatives of the Kayı clan of Oghuz Turks. The Ottoman territory was only one of numerous Anatolian beyliks that rose in the second 50% of the thirteenth century. Arranged in the district of Bithynia in the north of Asia Minor, Osman's territory wound up especially very much positioned to dispatch assaults on the powerless Byzantine Empire, which his relatives would, in the long run, proceed to prevail.

Osman's Name

A few researchers have contended that Osman's unique name was Turkish, most likely Atman or Ataman, and was just later changed to ʿOsmān, of Arabic starting point. The most punctual Byzantine sources, including Osman's contemporary George Pachymeres, spell his name as Ατουμάν (Atouman) or Ατμάν (Atman), while Greek sources consistently render both the Arabic structure ʿUthmān and the Turkish form ʿOsmān with θ, τθ, or τσ. An early Arabic source referencing him likewise composes ط as opposed to ث in one occurrence. Osman may consequently have received the more esteemed Muslim name later in his life. Arab researchers like Shihab al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun utilized the name Othman while Ibn Battuta, who visited the district during Orhan I's rule, called him Osmancık. The postfix - cık (or - cuk), demonstrates the diminutive in Turkish, therefore he was known by the name of Osmancik, which signifies "Osman the Little", to separate among him and the third Caliph "Uthman the Great.

Origin of the Ottoman Empire

18th century Bust of Osman

The specific date of Osman's introduction to the world is obscure, and almost no is thought about his initial life and inceptions because of the shortage of sources and the numerous fantasies and legends which came to be told about him by the Ottomans in later hundreds of years. He was in all probability conceived around the center of the thirteenth century, perhaps in 1254/5, the date given by the sixteenth-century Ottoman student of history Kemalpaşazade. As indicated by Ottoman custom, Osman's dad Ertuğrul drove the Turkic Kayı clan west from Central Asia into Anatolia, escaping the Mongol attack. He at that point swore loyalty to the Sultan of the Anatolian Seljuks, who conceded his domain over the town of Söğüt on the Byzantine outskirts. This association among Ertuğrul and the Seljuks, nonetheless, was generally concocted by court writers a century later, and the genuine birthplaces of the Ottomans along these lines stay dark. 

Osman got boss, or bey, upon his dad's demise in c. 1280. Nothing is known for sure about Osman's initial exercises, then again, actually, he controlled the area around the town of Söğüt and from that point propelled strikes against the neighboring Byzantine Empire. The main datable occasion in Osman's life is the Battle of Bapheus in 1301 or 1302, in which he crushed a Byzantine power sent to counter him. 

Osman seems to have followed the technique of expanding his domains to the detriment of the Byzantines while staying away from the struggle with all the more impressive Turkish neighbors. His first advances were through the passes which lead from the fruitless regions of northern Phrygia close to current Eskişehir into the more ripe fields of Bithynia; as per Stanford Shaw, these victories were accomplished against the neighborhood Byzantine aristocrats, "some of whom were crushed in the fight, others being retained calmly by buy contracts, marriage contracts, and so forth."

Osman Empire

Osman's Dream

Osman, I had a close relationship with a neighborhood strict pioneer of dervishes named Sheik Edebali, whose daughter he wedded. A story developed among later Ottoman authors to clarify the connection between the two men, in which Osman had a dream while remaining in the Sheik's house. The story shows up in the late fifteenth-century annal of Aşıkpaşazade as follows: 

He saw that a moon emerged from the heavenly man's breast and came to soak in his own breast. A tree at that point grew from his navel and its shade compassed the world. Underneath this shade there were mountains, and streams streamed forward from the foot of every mountain. A few people drank from these running waters, others watered nurseries, while yet others made wellsprings stream. When Osman got up he recounted to the story to the heavenly man, who said 'Osman, my child, congrats, for God has given the supreme office to you and your relatives and my girl Malhun will be your wife. 

The fantasy turned into a significant essential legend for the domain, permeating the House of Osman with natural authority over the earth and furnishing its fifteenth-century crowd with a clarification for Ottoman success. The fantasy story may likewise have filled in as a type of reduced: similarly, as Allah vowed to furnish Osman and his relatives with sway, it was additionally certain that it was the obligation of Osman to give his subjects thriving.

Military Victories

As indicated by Shaw, Osman's first genuine successes followed the breakdown of Seljuk power when he had the option to possess the strongholds of Eskişehir and Kulucahisar. At that point, he caught the first huge city in quite a while regions, Yenişehir, which turned into the Ottoman capital.

In 1302, after adequately crushing a Byzantine power close to Nicaea, Osman started settling his powers nearer to Byzantine controlled areas.

Frightened by Osman's developing impact, the Byzantines bit by bit fled the Anatolian open country. Byzantine authority endeavored to contain Ottoman extension, however, their endeavors were ineffectively sorted out and inadequate. Then, Osman spent the rest of his reign growing his control in two ways, north along the course of the Sakarya River and southwest towards the Sea of Marmara, accomplishing his destinations by 1308. That equivalent year his supporters took part in the success of the Byzantine city of Ephesus close to the Aegean Sea, in this manner catching the keep going Byzantine city on the coast, although the city turned out to be a piece of the area of the Emir of Aydin.

Osman's last crusade was against the city of Bursa. Although Osman didn't truly partake in the fight, the triumph at Bursa end up being very crucial for the Ottomans as the city filled in as an arranging ground against the Byzantines in Constantinople, and as a recently enhanced capital for Osman's child, Orhan. Footstool custom holds that Osman passed on soon after the catch of Bursa, however, a few researchers have contended that his demise ought to be put in 1324, the time of Orhan's increase.

Osman warriors

Family

Because of the shortage of sources about his life, next to no is thought about Osman's family relations. As indicated by certain fifteenth-century Ottoman journalists, Osman was plunged from the Kayı part of the Oghuz Turks, a case which later turned out to be a piece of the official Ottoman ancestry and was in the long run revered in the Turkish Nationalist recorded custom with the works of M. F. Köprülü. However, the case to Kayı ancestry doesn't show up in the most punctual surviving Ottoman ancestries. In this way, numerous researchers of the early Ottomans see it as later manufacture intended to support dynastic authenticity as to the realm's Turkish adversaries in Anatolia. Yazıcıoğlu Ali, in the mid-fifteenth century, followed Osman's genealogy to Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitors of Western Turks, through his senior grandson of his senior child, so giving the Ottoman rulers supremacy among Turkish monarchs.

It is hard for students of history to figure out what is genuine and what is incredible about the numerous accounts the Ottomans told about Osman and his endeavors, and the Ottoman sources don't generally concur with each other.[30] According to one story, Osman had an uncle named Dündar with whom he had a fight right off the bat in his profession. Osman wished to assault the nearby Christian ruler of Bilecik, while Dündar contradicted it, contending that they previously had enough foes. Deciphering this as a test to his administration position, Osman shot and slaughtered his uncle with an arrow. This story doesn't show up in numerous later Ottoman recorded works. On the off chance that it was valid, it implies that it was likely concealed to abstain from discoloring the notoriety of the Ottoman line's author with the homicide of a relative. It might likewise demonstrate a significant change in the relationship of the Ottomans with their neighbors, moving from generally quiet convenience to an increasingly forceful strategy of victory.

Osman Genealogy

Marriages

• Malhun Hatun, daughter of Ömer Abdülaziz Bey.
• Rabia Bala Hatun, daughter of Sheikh Edebali 

Sons

• Alaeddin Pasha - died in 1332, born to Rabia [citation needed]
• Orhan I - born to Malhun.
• Coban Bey [36] (buried in Willow); 
• Melik Bey [36] (buried in Söğüt); 
• Hamid Bey [36] (buried in Söğüt); 
• Pazarlu Bey [36] (buried in Söğüt); 

Daughter

• Fatima 

The Sword of Osman 

The Sword of Osman (Turkish: Taklid-I Seyf) was a significant blade of state utilized during the crowning ordinance function of the Ottoman Sultans. The training began when Osman was girt with the blade of Islam by his dad-in-law Sheik Edebali. The bracing of the sword of Osman was an imperative service that occurred inside about fourteen days of a king's promotion to the seat. It was held at the burial chamber complex at Eyüp, on the Golden Horn conduit in the capital Constantinople. The way that the seal by which a ruler was enthroned comprised of a blade was profoundly emblematic: it indicated that the workplace with which he was contributed was as a matter of first importance that of a warrior. The Sword of Osman was braced on to the new ruler by the Sharif of Konya, a Mevlevi dervish, who was called to Constantinople for that reason.

Personality

Stool historiography delineates Osman as a semi-heavenly individual 

It is realized that among the Turkoman clans, the clan or some portion of it was named after its pioneer. The way that the Kayi clan got known by the name of Osman, proposes that the clan turned out to be incredible as a result of his superb leadership. Orientalist R. Rakhmanaliev composes that the chronicled job of Osman was that of an ancestral pioneer, who delighted in huge accomplishment in joining his kin around him.

The exercises and character of Osman as the author of the state and line are profoundly valued by history specialists of both the past and the present. The state and the line of rulers are named after him. The number of inhabitants in the state was called Ottomans (Osmanlilar) until the start of the twentieth century, that is until the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire. Student of history F. Uspensky noticed that Osman depended on power, yet besides cunningness. Historian and author Lord Kinross composes that Osman was a savvy, tolerant ruler, whom individuals earnestly regarded and were prepared to serve him dependably. He had a characteristic feeling of prevalence, however, he never tried to stand up for himself with the assistance of intensity, and in this way, he was regarded not just by the individuals who were equivalent in position, yet besides, the individuals who surpassed his capacities on the front line or on intelligence. Osman didn't stir sentiments of competition in his kin - just loyalty. Herbert Gibbons accepted that Osman was "sufficiently incredible to abuse breathtaking people".

Agreeing Kemal Kadafar, Osman for the Ottomans was equivalent to Romulus for the Romans.

Osman's Tomb

Mercedes Wiki

﷽ 

ASSALAM-O-ALAIKUM

MERCEDES-BENZ

Mercedes-Benz is a famously luxurious and high-performance German Automobile brand headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its products include various types of passenger cars and medium and large commercial vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is currently a member of Daimler AG.

In the beginning, it was mainly the Mercedes-Benz S series (launched in 1886). It is currently the car with the longest wheelbase among Mercedes-Benz cars. The main competitors are the BMW 7 Series, Jaguar XJ and Audi A8. In World War II, after the (1947) introduced the Mercedes - Benz E series, its main competitor for the BMW 5 Series, the Audi A6, and Jaguar XF. Among them, E is the German word "Einspritzung (meaning injection)", which originally meant that the engine used a more efficient fuel injection system instead of a carburetor. The fuel injection engine was generally changed to the initial letter representing the Executive. During the Cold War, the Mercedes-Benz C series was launched. Its main competitors were the Jaguar XE, BMW 3 series, and Audi A4.

History

Family Name Evolution

The founders of the Marseille-Bens brand were two German-born engineers, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, but these two people had never actually met in their lifetime. On the contrary, the car depots they created were rivals at that time. On June 28, 1880, after the concept of the high-speed engine was developed, a large number of automobile manufacturers in the European region opened up like mushrooms. In 1885, Carl Benz founded the Benz & Cie. depot in Mannheim, then the Principality of Baden.

In 1890, Gaotri Daimler also founded Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt (part of Stuttgart today) in the Kingdom of Württemberg. people create this Mercedes brand name, he is an Austrian businessman Emil Jellinek (Emil Jellinek). The brand name Mercedes is actually derived from the name of his daughter Mercédès. This name was originally a Spanish name for girls, which means "elegance", but because European-related things were popular in Europe at that time, it was instead Pronunciation in French. Jelinek was originally a loyal user of DMG cars. He had insight into the unlimited prospects of the burgeoning automobile industry. So from 1898, he used his human face and rich funds in the international financial industry to start selling cars for DMG. Besides, he also drove a DMG car to participate in a racing event held near Nice, France. On the field, he had a nickname "Monsieur Mercédès". Gradually, the name of Mercedes changed. The nickname of DMG car.

In April 1900, Jelinek and DMG reached an agreement to officially use "Mercedes", which was originally a nickname, as a brand of new products, and the new engine equipped with the name "Daimler-Mercedes". On December 22, 1900, the first new car with the Mercedes brand was launched. Car 35 horsepower car is from Another important figure in the German automotive industry, Wilhelm Maybach's hand when he was chief engineer of DMG. The debut of the new car model has brought great shock to the automotive industry. For example, it's epoch-making low- gravity center stamped steel frame, light-weight high-output engine, and honeycomb-shaped water tank. The excellent performance of this Mercedes car made the order that Jerinek got in hand quickly exceeded the capacity limit of DMG. On June 23, 1902, the name "Mercedes" was officially placed on the brand's trademark, and it was successfully registered on September 26 of the same year. Interestingly, Jerinek applied to change his name in mid-1903, calling himself Jellinek-Mercedes. He may be one of the few people in history to take the name of his daughter.

Trademark history

Although the DMG depot has been in operation for decades, Mercedes has also become a well-known car brand, but until 1909, DMG never owned its own trademark. After the death of old Daimler and the operation of the depot was taken over by his two sons, Paul Daimler and Adolf Daimler, they remembered that his father had worked between 1872 and 1881. During Deutz, another famous German gas turbine engine factory, as a technical director, a three-pointed star logo was painted on a postcard sent home. They sent the proposal of the Samsung logo to the board of directors of the depot and they were immediately accepted.

In 1909, Samsung was officially registered. In 1910, it began to appear on the front grille of every new Mercedes car. It should be noted that the Mercedes trademark originally had two different designs of three-pointed star and four-pointed star, and they were also registered, but the only three-pointed star was actually used in the product by the depot. The three-star star of Mercedes symbolizes the vision and ambition of the DMG founders for the future globalization of humanity. The three star-shaped stars represent the meaning of landing, sea, and sky.

In 1916, the shape of the trademark was modified to include an outer ring painted with the Mercedes brand name and four small stars, the latter representing several factories owned by the car depot at that time. In November 1921, DMG officially applied for the copyright of the three-dimensional Samsung logo design around the island and officially became a registered trademark in August 1923.

In 1926, the complete merger of DMG and Benz & Cie. led to another series of design modifications to the trademark. This time the new trademark combines the two styling elements of DMG Samsung and Benz Laurel, and the brand name on the trademark has also changed. Mercedes and Benz coexist. At present, the trademark used in this depot has been gradually simplified after the 1926 design.

In addition to quality and performance, Mercedes-Benz also attaches great importance to safety. Its engineer Béla Barényi has developed a variety of automotive safety technologies such as impact energy absorption buffers. He has more than double the number of patents he owns.

Current Car Series

Passenger Car Department

• A series: small three-door & five-door front-drive hatchback series.
• Four-door RV-Short Axis, Long Axis (China Version)
• B series: A small five-door front-drive sedan frame RV series, which also has a fully electric version and a fuel cell version.
• C series: small administrative car series, this car series also has a petrol version and a plug-in version, which can be divided into:
• Four-door RV-Short Axis, Long Axis (China Version)
• Two-door four-seater coupe-hard top (called CLC series from 2008 to 2011), soft top (convertible)
• Five-door travel
• CL series: refer to the limited edition models of the SL series
• CLA series: small four-door front-drive/four-wheel drive coupe series. The grade is positioned between the A-series and the C series, and the car has another five-door sports car model.
• CLS series: Medium and large four-door coupe series, with a streamlined shape like a two-door sports car, the car has another five-door hunting sports car model. The grade is positioned between the E series and the S series.
• E series: Medium-sized luxury executive sedan series, which also has a petrol version and an E-Guard bullet-proof car model, which can be divided into:
• Four-door RV-Short Axis, Long Axis (China Version)
• Two-door four-seater coupe-hard top (referred to as the CLK series from 1996 to 2009 ), soft top (convertible)
• Five-door travel
• G series: Three-door and five-door off-road vehicle series that are civilized for military vehicles. The car series is also equipped with G-Guard bulletproof models. Since 2013, a 6x6 civilian version has been added.
• GLA series: small four-door front-drive sports RV series.
• GLB series: 2019 new small four-door front-drive sports RV series.
• GLC series: Known as the GLK series before 2014, a small luxury five-door leisure off-road vehicle series, which also has a GLC Coupe.
• GLE series: called M series before 2014, a medium-sized luxury five-door leisure off-road vehicle series. The car also has a petrol version, GLE Coupe, and ML-Guard bullet-proof models.
• GLS series: called GL series before 2014, a large luxury five-door seven-seater leisure off-road vehicle series.
• S series: large luxury RV series, brand flagship RV. The car also has a petrol version, a plug-in version, and a Mercedes- Maybach S series, which can be divided into:
• Four-door RV-short axle, long axle, extended axle (S600 Pullman Guard bulletproof vehicle)
• Two-door four-seater coupe-hard top (referred to as CL series from 1992 to 2013 ), soft top (convertible)
• SL series: Large pure two-seater lightweight hardtop convertible sports car series.
• SLC series: called the SLK series before 2014, a small pure two-seater hardtop convertible sports car series derived from the C series frame.
• V series: replaces R series and Viano series, a large multi-functional business vehicle series with seven-seater, eight-seater, and nine-seater settings.
• AMG GT: Mercedes-AMG GT is a new pure two-seater sports car launched after the super sports car SLS AMG, but it is not a successor to the SLS AMG. Its size is a more entry-level and compact luxury sports car. The main competitor is the Porsche 911 Turbo. The car also has an AMG GT S version, a version with enhanced performance.
• GT Series: The newly launched four-door coupe in 2018, positioned between the CLA series and the CLS series.

Commercial Vehicle Series

• Truck/Linker
• Econic
• Axor
• Atego
• Actros
• Van
• Vito
• Viano
• Vario
• Sprinter
• Bus
• Travego
• Tourismo
• Tourino
• Minibus
• Integro
• Conecto
• OH
• OC
• Citaro
• Special purpose vehicles
• Unimog (Unimog)

Famous Cars

• 1885: Daimler riding car -the world's first locomotive.
• 1886: Benz patent motor car No. 1 -the world's first car.
• 1895: Benz motorized bus -the world's first bus.
• 1900: Daimler 35hp -the first car named Marseille.
• 1909: Blitzen-Benz -the world's first lightning Benz (228.1km/h) with a top speed of over 200km/h, the record is maintained until 1924.
• 1928: SSK -classic racing car.
• 1930: 770- "Großer Mercedes", the most representative luxury car at that time, was called the Grand Marseille.
• 1934: 500 K - "K" representative of a supercharger (Kompressor), forced induction to increase the output power of the engine.
• 1934: W25- "Silver Arrow", the first classic silver arrow racing car.
• 1936: 260 D -the world's first diesel car.
• 1936: W125, W125 Rekordwagen -W125 won the Grand Prix competition in 1937. W125 Rekordwagen designed a smoother body and covered the wheels in the body to reduce the drag coefficient. At the same time, it was equipped with a 725 horsepower V12 engine. It was on the German highway in January 1938 at a speed of 268 miles (432.7km/h), Became the fastest record on the highway at that time.
• 1938: W195
• 1939: 320A -Classic two-door sports car, known as the silver arrow sports car.
• 1947: 170 -At the end of World War II, Marseille-Benns resumed work, rebuilding the 170 designed before the war, making it the world's best-selling car model before the war (1936-1939) and after the war (1947-1953).
• 1951: 300 - "Adenauer Mercedes", West Germany after Word War's first prime minister Adenauer owned luxury cars.
• 1952: 300SL -1952 Le Mans 24-hour endurance championship car.
• 1953: Ponton- "Ponton" model, famous pontoon car body design, the predecessor of S series.
• 1954: 300SL- "Gullwing", the classic gull-wing ride-on-door sports car.
• 1954: W196 R -The third-generation Silver Arrow racing car, equipped with a 2.5-liter 290-horsepower L8 engine and a top speed of 305km/h. In 1954 and 1955, 13 Gran Prix competitions won 10 championships and 2 world championships.
• 1956: 190SL -the first generation of the classic SL series convertible.
• 1959: Fintail- "Fintail" model, the popular fin-type car rear wing design at that time, the predecessor of the S series.
• 1960: 220SE Cabriolet- "Fintail" two-door convertible.
• 1963: 600- "Grand Mercedes", with the title of luxurious Marseille.
• 1963: 230SL -"Pagoda"
• 1964: 300 SE rally car
• 1965: S series- S series name was officially named.
• 1966: 300SEL 6.3
• 1968: 220 -The new generation of cars, the predecessor of the E series.
• 1969: C111Concept -A concept car with the first four-rotor engine.
• 1972: W107 350SL
• 1974: 450SEL 6.9
• 1977: W123 -Marseille-Mercedes-Benz first travel.
• 1978: 300SD -Marseille-Mercedes-Benz's first diesel turbine.
• 1979: 500SEL and G series
• 1983: 190E 2.3–16
• 1989: AMG Mercedes 190E 2.5-16 EVO II
• 1989: 300SL, 500SL
• 1990: 500E
• 1991: 600SEL -one of the world's most luxurious and highest-priced cars.
• 1993: The C series -the entry-level model of the C series was officially named.
• 1995: C43 AMG
• 1995: SL73 AMG, 7.3 V12
• 1996: SLK series -the newly created small two-seater hardtop convertible sports car series, equipped with the mechanical automatic start-close hardtop that was rare at the time, is one of the pioneers of this type of roof design.
• 1997: A series -a newly created small metropolitan vehicle, the first sandwich frame, a pioneer in the concept of collapsed body design.
• 1997: M series- "LSUV", the first sports multi-purpose vehicle class distance, brought the popularity of SUVs.
• 1998: CLK-GTR -ITC World Touring Car Championship champion car sales.
• 2004: SLR McLaren -AMG and the British F1 depot Mclaren McLaren car cooperation super sports car, both have F1 racing similar nose and butterfly landing door.
• 2004: CLS series- "four-door coupé", the first four-door coupé.
• 2007: BlueTec -diesel clean energy technology, mounted on E320, GL320, ML320, R320 models.
• 2009: SLS AMG -AMG's first independently developed car, a supercar that pays homage to the 300SL, has a retro gull-wing landing door design.
• 2013: CLA series-CLA set a new record for mass-produced cars in the drag coefficient. The CLA180BlueEfficiency wind resistance coefficient reaches 0.22Cd, which is lower than Toyota Prius's 0.25Cd.
• 2015: AMG-GT and Mercedes-Maybach S600
• 2018: Mercedes-Benz MAYBACH G650 LANDAULET

Masai-AMG

AMG was originally an independent Mercedes-Benz professional conversion factory. In 1999, it was acquired as a subsidiary of Mercedes-AMG. In addition to developing and providing original upgrade kits related to the appearance, interior, performance, and frame of Mercedes-Benz vehicles, it was also responsible for the production and adjustment of the top models of each car series. , Launched high-performance models including A45 AMG, E63 AMG, SL65 AMG, with the name "AMG" in the body model, equipped with large displacement engine/supercharged/turbocharged. In 2014, Mercedes-AMG purchased a 25% stake in MV Agusta, a large Italian heavy machinery manufacturing plant, but AMG will not interfere with the independent development of MV Agusta. Both parties will conduct cross-market cooperation in marketing to expand each other's customer base. In 2015, the self-developed sports car AMG GT(S) and the first AMG Sport, a sports car that is more sporty than the Mercedes native car but lower than the Mercedes-AMG entry-level performance car, were announced. The first launch is codenamed: W205 C450 AMG and (C292) GLE 450 AMG Coupe and (W166) GLE 450 AMG

Besides, AMG also takes away some of the engines to produce a small amount of super run depot, depot such as Italy Pagani (Pagani) 's Zonda, Huayra, UK depot (Aston Martin)' s DB10 and other vehicles.

GLA 200 CDI

Mercedes Owner's Daughter

Marseille 1914-Mercedes-Benz

Past Trademarks

190E

Display car in the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany

Mercedes-Benz Vario 815D truck

Mercedes-Benz Sprint Van

Benz Conecto Bus